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- $Unique_ID{BRK03995}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Meningitis, Meningococcal}
- $Subject{Meningitis Meningococcal Meningococcal Meningitis Bacterial
- Meningococcal Meningitis Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis Meningitis
- Encephalitis Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 805:
- Meningitis, Meningococcal
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Meningitis, Meningococcal)
- is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next
- page to find alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Meningococcal Meningitis
- Bacterial Meningococcal Meningitis
- Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis
-
- Information on the following disorders may be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Meningitis
- Encephalitis
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Meningococcal Meningitis is a form of meningitis caused by a specific bacteria
- known as Neisseria meningitidis. Meningitis is characterized by inflammation
- of the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. This inflammation
- can begin suddenly (acute) or develop gradually (subacute). Symptoms may
- include fever, headache, and a stiff neck, sometimes with aching muscles.
- Nausea, vomiting and other symptoms may occur. Skin rashes occur in about
- half of all patients with Meningococcal Meningitis. Treatment with
- antibiotics and other drugs is usually effective against this infection.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Meningococcal meningitis is one of the three most common types of bacterial
- meningitis. It progresses more rapidly than any other acute form of
- bacterial meningitis. Meningococcal Meningitis involves the central nervous
- system. In adults and children it is often preceded by respiratory illness
- or a sore throat. In its acute form, the disorder is characterized by fever,
- headache, a stiff neck, and vomiting. Adults may become seriously ill within
- hours. In children the course of the infection may be even shorter.
-
- Symptoms among older children and adults may progress from irritability
- to confusion, drowsiness, and stupor, possibly leading to coma. Skin rashes
- occur in about half of all patients with Meningococcal Meningitis. Swelling
- or inflammation of the brain (cerebral edema, ventriculitis), or
- hydrocephalus (accumulation of fluid in the brain cavity) may also occur.
- Other symptoms may include chills, sweating, weakness, loss of appetite,
- muscle pain (myalgia) of the lower back or legs, or inability to tolerate
- bright light (photophobia). (For more information on hydrocephalus, choose
- "hydrocephalus" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Dehydration often occurs, and collapse of the blood vessels may lead to
- shock (Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome) when the meningococcus bacteria
- spreads to the blood (septicemia). Later symptoms may include paralysis of
- one side of the body (hemiparesis), hearing loss, or other neurological
- abnormalities.
-
- The course of Meningococcal Meningitis is less predictable among infants
- between 3 months and 2 years of age. Fever, refusal of feedings, vomiting,
- irritability, and convulsions usually occur. A high-pitched cry, and a
- bulging or tight soft spot (fontanel) on the crown of the head (where the
- parts of the skull's still unhardened bones join) may also occur. Since the
- incidence of most types of Meningitis is highest among this age group, any
- unexplained fever needs to be closely watched. Cerebral fluid may accumulate
- just inside the tough outer membrane covering the brain (subdural effusions)
- after several days. Warning signs may include seizures, a persistent fever,
- and an enlarging head size. A brain abscess or subdural pus accumulation may
- also occur. Water accumulating in the brain (hydrocephalus), deafness and
- slowed mental and physical development are possible consequences of
- Meningitis.
-
- Causes
-
- Meningococcal Meningitis is caused by a bacteria known as Neisseria
- meningitidis. There are several types, or serogroups, of Neisseria
- meningitidis. The most common of these serogroups are A, B, C, D, X, Y, 29E,
- and W135. Serogroups A, B, C, and Y are responsible for most meningococcal
- diseases.
-
- The bacteria is spread by droplets in the air or close contact with an
- infected person. It collects in the nasopharynx, or post-nasal space, that
- connects the nasal cavities with the throat. The bacteria is transported to
- the membranes (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord by the blood. It
- usually spreads from nearby infected areas such as the nasal sinuses, or from
- the cerebrospinal fluid.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Meningococcal Meningitis primarily affects infants, children, and young
- adults. Males are affected slightly more than females. Meningococcal
- Meningitis can occur as an epidemic in subgroups such as people in the
- military services or students in dormitories. Vaccines can help control
- meningitis epidemics caused by serogroups A, C, Y, or W135.
-
- In the United States, most cases of Meningococcal Meningitis involve
- infants and military recruits, and tend to be caused by serogroup B of the
- bacteria. It occurs most often during winter or spring. Between 1984 and
- 1986, 2,400 to 2,700 cases of meningococcal infection were reported annually
- in the United States.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders may resemble those of Meningococcal
- Meningitis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- In general, Meningitis is characterized by inflammation of the membranes
- (meninges) around the brain or spinal cord. This inflammation may be caused
- by different types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, malignant tumors, or
- reactions to certain injections into the spinal canal. (For more
- information on other types of Meningitis, choose "meningitis" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Encephalitis is a brain infection. There are different types of this
- disorder which are caused by different types of viruses. Encephalitis may
- also be caused by hypersensitivity initiated by a virus or other protein that
- is foreign to the body. Symptoms may include headache, drowsiness,
- hyperactivity, and/or general weakness. This disorder may have some symptoms
- similar to those of Meningitis such as a stiff neck, altered reflexes,
- confusion, speech disorders, convulsions, paralysis and coma. (For more
- information choose "Encephalitis" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is an acute infectious disorder transmitted
- to humans through the bite of an infected tick, usually in wooded areas of
- the midwest, eastern and southeastern United States. Fever and rash are
- among major symptoms. The rash may not develop in all cases, possibly making
- diagnosis difficult. Swelling (edema), headache, chills, weakness and muscle
- pains may also occur. Severe headaches, lethargy, confusion, delirium, focal
- neurological deficits, increased pressure in the skull leading to pressure
- on and swelling of the optic disk (papilledema), seizures and/or coma may
- occur in untreated cases as the nervous system is progressively affected.
- Some patients may have a stiff neck due to muscle pain (myalgia) or
- irritation of membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord tissue
- (meningismus). (For more information on this disorder, choose "Rocky
- Mountain Spotted Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Testing for Meningococcal Meningitis may include imaging techniques such as
- CT scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Other testing may include
- examination of the patient's blood and/or skin. Diagnosis is made by
- examination of the cerebrospinal fluid.
-
- Meningococcal Meningitis is usually treated with antibiotic drugs used
- against the bacteria causing the infection. Penicillin G or ampicillin are
- often prescribed. Alternative drugs include chloramphenicol, cefuroxime,
- cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or ceftizoxime. Family members of those infected
- can be treated with Rifampin as a preventative measure; however, for pregnant
- women, ceftriaxone is recommended.
-
- Epidemics caused by the bacteria (Neisseria meningitidis) serogroups A,
- C, Y, or W135 can be controlled with a meningococcal vaccine that prevents
- infection in vaccinated people.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through August
- 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Meningococcal Meningitis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- References
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 65, 1604-1621.
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown
- and Co., 1987. Pp. 1494-1502, 1666-1669.
-
- BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN OLDER CHILDREN. W.A. Bonadio, et al.; Am J Dis
- Child (Apr 1990; issue 144 (4)). Pp. 463-465.
-
- CEFTRIAXONE ALONE COMPARED TO AMPICILLIN AND CHLORAMPHENICOL IN THE
- TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS. N.I. Girgis; Chemotherapy (1988; issue 34
- (Suppl 1)). Pp. 16-20.
-
- CONTROL OF AN OUTBREAK OF GROUP C MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS WITH A
- POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE. R. G. Masterton, et al.; J Infect (Sept 1988; issue
- 17 (2)). Pp. 177-182.
-
- Gd-DTPA-ENHANCED MR IMAGING OF THE BRAIN IN PATIENTS WITH MENINGITIS:
- COMPARISON WITH CT. K. H. Chang, et al.; AJR Am J Roentgenol (April 1990;
- issue 154 (4)). Pp. 809-816.
-
-